continous extraction of vegetable oils

RATIFICATION PAGE

Complete report of experiment in analytical chemistry II with the title “Continuous Extraction of Vegetable Oils”, was made by :

Name : Dhidi Erwanto
Reg. Number : 081304167
Group : VI
Class : International Class Program of Chemistry

After checked by assistant and coordinator assistant, so this report have accepted.

Makassar, 4th April 2010

Coordinator Assistant, Assistant,



Ahmad Rante, S. S.Pd. Ezzar Fitriyani


Known by:
Responsible Lecturer,


Dra. Netty Heriawaty, Apt.


The Title of Experiment
The title of this experiment is “continuous extraction of vegetable oils”.
The Objectives
The objectives of this experiment, are :
To extracted vegetable oils from sample (castor, peanuts) by using Soxhlet.
To determine the rate of oils from sample by distillation method.
Background
Extraction is separation method which based on the different of solubility a solute in soxhlet. Extraction hydrodynamic is important factor to determine how big a solute was got by extracted because hydrodynamic influenced the mass of motion wide is bubble wide which located in the column. In extraction, the dispersed substances as bubbles called continue phase (Author, 2010).
The continue extraction technique especially for substances with D (the price of distribution comparison) smallest (< 1), or if the separation factor price β nearing one. If the condition occur, thus the step extraction with separator funnel become less practices, because must be done a hundred times. There is kind of tools for this process. On its principle in the tools appear continue current from the solvent by a substances solution is extract. The solvent that was brought substances which extracted, evaporated, than cooling, so that can be using again. If needed the fresh solvent can added again as continuously (Soebagio, 2003:49).
Vegetable oil is specially oils that was make from the plant. Usefulness in some food and for cooking. Some of vegetable oils usually using for as Africa oil plant. Corn, olive, radish, soy bean, candlenut, and sunflower (Author, 2010).
Candlenut (Aleuretic moluccanna) is plants which its seed usefulness as oils source from various species. His plant still familiar and the decline of cassava and involved in Euphorbiceae. Candlenut have similar in odor and texture with macadamia which have containing oils is near same. The candlenut is really toxic when still unripe. The candlenut seed containing toxic materials with low power. Because of that, really not to suggested to consume the candlenut unripe (Author, 2010).
Its native range is impossible to establish precisely become for early spread by humans, and the three is now distributed throughout the new and old world tropics. It grows to height of 15-25 m (49-82 ft), with wide spreading or pendulous branches. The leaves are pale green, simple, and ovate or rarely 5-lobed , with an acute apex 10-20 cm (3,9-7,9 in) long. The nut is round, 4-6 cm (1,6-2,4 in) in diameter, the seed inside has a very hard seed coat and high oils content, which allows its use as a candle (Kepler, Angela Kay : 1998:201).
Several parts of the plant have been used in traditional medicine in most of areas where its native. The oils an irritant and laxative and sometimes used like castor oils. Candlenut oils also used as hair stimulant or additive to hair treatment systems. The seed kernels have a laxative effect. In Japan its bark has been used on tomen. In Sumatra, pounded seeds, burned with charcoal are applied around the navel for costiveness. In Malay, the pulped kernels or baled leaves are used in poultices for headache, fever, ulcers, swollen joints, and gonarhea. In Java, the bark is used for bloody diarrhea or dysentery. In Hawaii, the flowers and the sap at the top of the husk (when just removed from the branch) were used to treat e’a (oral candidiasis) in children (Mower, Nancy Alpert, 2001:109).
The modern way of processing vegetable oils is by chemical extraction, using solvent extract, which produce higher yields and is quicker and les expensive. The most common solvent is petroleum-derived hexane. This technique is used for most of the “newer” industrials oils such as soybean and corn oils (Author, 2010).
Another way is physical extraction, which does not use solvent extracts. It is made the “traditional” way using several different types of mechanical extraction. This method is typically used to produce the more traditional oils (eg olive), and it is preferred by most “health-food” costumers in the USA and Europe. Expeller press extraction in one type, and there are two other types that are both oil preserves, the screw press and the ram press. Oil seed presses are commonly used in developer countries, among people for whom other extraction methods would be prohibiliity expensive. The amount of oil extracted using these methods variety widely, as shown in the following table for extracting mowrah butter in Indies (Author, 2010).
Method percentage extracted :
Ghani 20-30%
Expellers 34-37%
40-30% is sollent
(Janet Brachman; 2001:201).
Apparatus and Chemicals
Apparatus :
Spiral condenser
Soxhlet
Godog flask
Heatle mantle
Beaker glass 100 ml
Spraying bottle
Stative and clem
Funnel
Mortar and pestle
Analytical balance
Volumetric glass 10 ml
Chemicals :
Boiling stones
Tissues
Candlenuts
Ether
Cotton
Aquadest
Alluminium foil

Instructions
25 grams candlenuts was polished the seed till smooth as. Than closing 25 grams the smooth candlenut with paper suitable with soxhlet size, part upper and bottom layer closed by cotton and branch the corner each other. Entering the ether, into the heating flask till about 60% the godog flask volume. And adding the boiling stone into the heater flask. Done the extraction by heating the godog flask till occur 5 times circulation.
After that, we done the separating the ether solvent by using heating method the mixture and stopped the heating when not yet occurred the circulation, and the residue was got most concentrate. Evaporating the residue till the ether smells is lost. Balancing the residue and measure the volume. Calculating the oils rate. Writing the result of experiment.

Result
25 grams of candlenut + 60% ether of flask volume + extraction 4-5 circulation (2 hours) → transparent yellow → evaporated → cooling down → transparent of yellow oil. The mathematics analysis :
Weight of candlenut = 25 grams
The volume of oils = 3,01 ml
Weight of oils = 2,00 grams
Weight of empty volumetric glass = 31,9 grams
Weight of volumetric glass with oils = 33,9 grams




Data Analysis
Known : First mass of candlenut : 25 grams
Oil mass of candlenut : 2,00 grams
Solution :
Oil content = (mass of candlenut oil (practicum))/(mass of candlenut (theory)) x 100%

= (2,00 grams)/(25 grams) x 100%
= 0,08 x 100%
= 8%
Specific mass of oils (practicum) = (mass of candlenut)/(volume oils)
= (2,00 grams )/(3,01 ml) = 0,66 grams/ml
 
DISCUSSION
To got the vegetable oil, the manner is by taking plant that can produce oils. In this experiment, candlenut took as the sample to get vegetable oils from plant. The first step that doing is found the candlenut until smooth. The function of pounded is to make easy of the oil extracting process from candlenut. The vegetable oil from candlenut can easily to extracted by solvent that used. Because that manner can effecter the size of particle become smallest to make the extracting process easier. The solvent that used is ether, because the polarity of ether that relatively same with polarity that contain in candlenut that will extracted, both of that are non polar.
After the pounded step finish, the candlenut covered with filtrate paper and the upper and down side give cotton. The function of cotton is to make easy of the dilution of oils that will extracted by ether and inhibiting the powder to joined into extracting because the powder can be as the impurity. At the godog flask (heated flask) added boiling stone. The function of adding boiling stone is to inhibiting the “blow” that occur as the effect of different vapor pressure at the temperature with the atmosphere pressure and the pressure in liquid column.
After that, done extraction 4 times circulation. According to the theory, as much of circulation that done caused the big chance to get the vegetable oils (kepler;2001:183). The perfect extraction shown by the liquid in cyton colorless or the circulation occur in 20-25 times (Author. 2010). Extraction process finish to done, separating of solvent done with the soxhletation process, where the solvent evaporated in soxhlet and stopped after the circulation occur, the solvent will evaporate because have a low boiling point compare with the candlenut oil boiling point. The boiling point of ether is 34,6oC and the boiling point of candlenut oil is 31,9oC. the solvent that had been separated paced at the beaker glass. It done according to the soxhletation principle that said that simplisia filtration (oils) by continuously, the filtrating liquid (solvent) heated until evaporating, the vapor of filtrating (solvent) condensation become molecule. The water molecule by the forward cooler will go down to filtrating the simplisia (oil) in circulation flask and then entered again into flask after across the sifon pipe (Author, 2010).
Residue (oils) that got then evaporated from the solvent. Ether that had function as solvent will evaporated because the boiling point that lower than candlenut oil. The function of evaporation is to get the pure oils that free from the solvent that used. The oils that not have ether smells again have color yellowish gold or yellow (Author. 2010). Content of sample that got is 8% with the specific mass is 0,66 grams/ml. The specific mass that got little different with the theory, that is according to the theory the specific mass of vegetable oil from candlenut is 0,99 grams/ml. that can caused by some factors, some of that are less of the circulation process that done, as much of circulation that done at the extraction process, so will produce much of oils. The less of smoothness of candlenut so the result of extraction that got is less. The less of candlenut that used as the source of extraction of vegetable oils from candlenut. And the too closed of the binding rope that done at the packing process, that caused the oils difficult to dilute in solvent at extraction process.
 
Conclusion and Suggestion
Conclusion
From the experiment, can be conclude following as :
The vegetable oils from candlenuts can be extracted by soxhlet and using ether as the solvent.
The containing of sample is 8% with the density is 0,66 grams/ml and its volume is 3,01 ml.
The soxhletation principle is pulling the chemicals component done by symplia put on the klonsong which have recovery by filter paper, the balancing related simplisia, solvent heating till evaporated, the vapor solvent will be condensated become water molecules by cooler, back and down to filtering the simplisia and enter again in the flask through the sifon pipe.
Suggestion
Especially for the next student, if the students needed the big amount of candlenut vegetables oils, done the circulation is many to support it.














REFERENCES

Author. 1. 2010. Kajian Hidrodinamika Ekstrksi Cair-cair. Online (http://digilib.itb.ac.id.gdi). Accessed on 2nd April, 2010.

Author. 2010. Candlenut. Online (http://www.wikipedia.com). Accessed on 2nd April, 2010.

Janet, Brachman.2006. Oiled Processing For Small Scale Product. Germany : IPV.

Kepler, Anggel Kay. 1998. Hawaiian Heritage Plant. University of Hawaii.

Mosser, Nancy Alpert. 2001. Trickster Lives : Culture and Myth in American Victim. University of Georgia press.p.16.

Soebagio. 2003. Kimia Analitik II. Malang : Universitas Negeri Malang.